CIFESA

   CIFESA was the most important production company of the Franco years, and the only one that attempted to function as a traditional Hollywood studio. It was founded in Valencia in 1932, and soon taken over by an olive oil industrialist, Vicente Casanova, whose son had shown interest in the movies. From 1933, the com-pany turned out a series of well-crafted, expensive costume pictures and musicals directed by established figures like Benito Perojo and Florián Rey, and acquired a solid reputation among audiences. CIFESA's motto was "The torch of hits"; creating a logo and a house style, as well as nurturing a compact group of stars, was an important lesson Casanova learned from the U.S. film industry.

   Ideologically, the family were conservative Republicans, but after the Civil War, the company pledged allegiance to the Franco regime. This was a perfect collaboration, as the studio was used for propaganda purposes and benefited from a series of privileges. From 1942, against a background of absolute poverty in a country that would take two decades to recover from the conflict, Casanova was back in business producing a series of war films, melodramas, and comedies that created their own version of reality and refused to engage with social issues. The studio-like aspects of the company were reinforced: soundstages and a company of actors (for instance Amparo Rivelles, Alfredo Mayo, and, later, Aurora Bautista) and technicians, and a certain consistency in tone and approaches due to the presence of strong directors (like Juan de Orduña and José Luis Sáenz de Heredia) who undertook their projects following general programs and guidelines and the firm grip of head of production Luis Lucia. The general production standards were as high as the times allowed, but the emphasis was on high turnout rather than expensive individual films.

   The end of World War II was a blow to the Franco government, which was plunged into a situation of complete isolation as the last remnant in Europe of Fascist ideologies. But rather than compromise and benefit from the reconstruction measures introduced by the Allies, the regime decided to strengthen conservatism. The crisis this led to was reflected in the film business. The government redesigned the system of funding cultural expression (as long as it was the "right" one), and one important aspect was the introduction of a category of special support to those films that could uphold the regime's conservative values. Casanova responded with a series of lavish historical epics. The company's strategy shifted now to focus on a small number of expensive pictures every year, which would not only be awarded "special interest" funding, but could also turn good profits at the box office.

   In the beginning, the strategy seemed to work, with Locura de amor (Mad for Love, Juan De Orduña, 1948) and, later, Agustina de Aragón (Juan de Orduña, 1950), quickly becoming box-office hits. But investment in each picture was so high that disappointing box-office takings could easily have an impact on the company's finances. This is exactly what happened with La leona de castilla (Lioness of Castille, Juan de Orduña, 1951). When one of CIFESA's most expensive production efforts, an epic Christopher Columbus first expedition titled Alba de América (Dawn of America, Juan de Orduña, 1951), failed to get special interest funding because politicians decided to support José Antonio Nieves Conde's realistic Surcos (Burrows) instead; and when the film only did average business, the company was back in the red, and this time it was unable to regain its previous prowess. By 1952, the financial crisis deepened, and by 1956 (after a run of poor films), CIFESA disappeared as a film production company.

   Historical Dictionary of Spanish Cinema by Alberto Mira